• Students with last names beginning with A-K will take the test in
Gregory Hall 100 (usual room)
• Students with last names beginning with L-Z will take the test in ASL
150
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• Please bring a #2 pencil.
LAST 170 Final Exam Study Guide
The final exam is not cumulative in the sense that you will be evaluated only on the course
material presented since the mid-term exam. However, we encourage you to keep in mind the
conceptual frames of analysis (e.g. historical process, social structure, race/ gender/ class
relations, artistic expression) that we have been discussing all semester as you prepare for the
test.
Format: multiple-choice questions; fill-in-the-blank questions; two-sentence answers; and twoparagraphs
answers.
Two Sentence Answers: Identify the person/ terms. Your first sentence should answer
who or what the term refers to. Your second sentence should point out one reason why this
person/term is significant to our class.
EXAMPLES
a) Raul Castro: Current president of Cuba, replaced his brother Fidel. Raul, Fidel and
Ernesto ‘El Che’ Guevara, were central figures in the Cuban Revolution, and its triumph in
1958-59.
b) Mercantilism: Economic theory that proposes that a nation’s wealth should be
measured in bullion, that a country should export more than it import, and that promotes
active state participation, strong sea power, and the possession of colonies for economic
growth. The Spanish empire during the colonial period was guided by this orientation.
c) Potosí: Mining city in Bolivia, exploited since the early 1600s by colonial Spain. Today,
Potosí is tremendously poor and its mining continues under horrible working conditions.
Two paragraph questions: Write two paragraphs to concisely answer the following
questions.
POSSIBLE TWO PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL EXAM (Be
ready for them all, but not all will be on the exam)
1. According to Ruth Gomberg-Muñoz in the ethnography Labor and Legality, the ‘Lions’ often
reproduce and resist racial stereotypes of themselves and others. Explain the main positive and
main negative stereotypes (10+10pts). Then give two examples of how these stereotypes
play a role in the stories you have read about the ‘Lions’ (5+5pts). Finally, explain why the
author says that to some degree the Lions become complicit in their own subordination and
the racialized perceptions of their labor. (10pts)
2. Ruth Gomberg-Muñoz in the ethnography Labor and Legality, presents a picture of a group of
undocumented workers in Chicago. However, most debates about ‘illegal aliens’ happen at the
national level. Discuss both the positive and negative positions regarding undocumented migrant
and immigrant workers in the U.S. and their impact on U.S. economy as presented by
Gomberg-Muñoz.(10+10pts) Then, give two examples (from the reading) that show how
these positions are much more complex than simply thinking that undocumented immigrants
are good or bad for the economy. (5+5pts) Finally, explain why the author concludes that
undocumented immigrants are preferred for certain jobs over other populations not because of
racism or how cheap they can be, but because of their powerlessness. (10pts)
3) The filmmakers of the documentary “De Nadie” claim that Mexico is a “nightmare” that
Central American migrants face on their way to the United States. Beyond just responding
“because they are poor,” why do the migrants risk the dangerous routes of traveling to the
United States? Give at least two concrete examples of their own explanations (10 pts).
Discuss in detail two risks that they encounter, using specific examples from the film (20 pts).
Finally, who are the women of La Patrona and what role do they play in the lives of Central
American migrants passing through Mexico? (10pts)
4) We learned about intra-regional migration in Latin America, and we particularly focused on
the case of Peruvians citizens who migrate to Chile. Using this example as a frame for your
answer, name three main characteristics of intra-regional migration (10 pts) and discuss in
detail why do we speak about the "feminisation of migration", explaining the reasons that
women have to migrate, the kind of labor they perform and the risks that they face (20 pts.)
Based on the different models of Social Incorporation that we discussed in class, what do you
think is the best and why? (10pts)
5) Discuss the concepts of Neoliberalism and neoliberalization as they have been defined and
distinguished in class. Be sure to explain at least three of the basic principles of neoliberalism
(15pts) and two criticisms made by critics of neoliberalization (10 pts). Then discuss the
case study of Chile. By what means was neoliberalism developed in Chile? (5pts) What do
you think is the relationship between the neoliberal economy of the country and the
emergence of social movements? Give at least two examples. (10 pts)
6) In this class we have discussed different sorts of relationships between the United States and
Latin America, such as migration issues (i.e. immigration policies, the story of American
retirees, or the construction of the border); political and economic intervention, international
agreements (NAFTA), and others. Considering this, discuss the role of the United States in
Latin America (10 pts). Also, use one of the case studies that we have explored in this class to
support your answer. Explain the case presenting a historical background (15 pts) and discuss
the current consequences, explaining at least two pros and/or cons that reflect the role of the
United States in Latin America (15 pts)
7. Describe how Carlos Slim, Joaquín Guzman Loera “El Chapo”, the Zapatista Movement, the
women from the maquila factories in Tijuana, the Mara Salvatrucha gang, the Central American
migrants crossing Mexico from the movie De Nadie, and the stories of the young people are all
different but connected aspects of a history of the neoliberalization of the Mexican economy.
(40 pts)
Conceptual considerations:
Economic Theories
Discuss the four broad political economic orientations of mercantilism, liberalism, ISI, and
neoliberalism. (Think about the active or passive role of the state in economic relations in each
of these.)
Central ideas for liberalism. Some of the shortcomings and limits of liberalism in Latin America.
Central ideas for import substitution industrialization (ISI). Consequences and problems of ISI
Central ideas for neoliberalism. Differences between theory and practice. Consequences and
problems of the neoliberalization of economies in Latin America.
Shock Doctrine
Be able to concisely distinguish the theory of Neoliberalism and critiques of the practice of
neoliberalization in the case studies of Chile, Argentina (The Take), and Mexico.
What are Structural Adjustment Programs?
Who were the Chicago Boys?
Country specific considerations (Argentina, México)
What differences and similarities do you find in the neoliberalization of Argentina and Mexico
during the 1990s?
Chile
Who were Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet? What was the basis of their conflict?
What is the importance of September 11, 1973?
What were some of the responses from U.S. after Allende was elected?
Who was Milton Friedman? What are three arguments Friedman makes for free trade? What is
his relationship to the “Chicago Boys”?
Who are the “disappeared” (los desaparecidos)?
What is meant by the term “Structural Adjustment”?
What are some of the characteristics of the student movement? How is this social movement
connected to the impact of “structural adjustments” and neoliberal policies?
What are the three dominant trends that characterize Chilean politics?
Argentina:
Why do we talk about neoliberalization in Argentina during the 1990s?
What were the recovered factories and how where they a reaction to the neoliberalization of
Argentinean economy as presented in the movie The Take?
How do the recovered factory and coop movements challenge conventional views on capitalism
and on working class organization?
Migration: within the South, North-South and the border.
Who was Carlos Salinas de Gotari? What was his relationship to NAFTA? And to Carlos Slim?
Who are the Zapatistas (EZLN)? Sub-Comandante Marcos? What is their relationship to
NAFTA?
What is the historical evolution of the Mexican/ U.S. border?
1846-1848 War between Mexico and United States/ La Intervención Norteamericana
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo •1853 Gadsden Purchase
Point out the characteristics of the neoliberalization of Mexico and its relation to NAFTA
What are the Maquilas?
Point out the relationship between the Bracero Program, the BIP, NAFTA and undocumented
workers in the U.S.
What are Narcotraficantes? What role does Joaquín Guzmán Loera El Chapo play in such
organizations? What have been the social costs of the Cartel Wars?
What are the dangers faced by Central American migrants coming to the United States through
Mexico as seen in the film “De Nadie”
What are the main characteristics of intra-regional migration?
For what reasons do people migrate to adjacent countries?
How does language and culture play a role in this sort of migration?
What are some challenges that receiving countries face with this type of migration
Which reasons do retirees identify as the causes to migrate to the South?
What are the internal factors in the welcoming countries that facilitate the migration?
What are some of the risks that retirees face when migrating to these new countries?
What is the impact of retirees in the country where they migrate?
Labor and Legality
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What is the difference between immigrant and migrant?
Who are the ‘Lions’?
What was the bracero program?
What is the relation between the bracero program and operation wetback?
What is the relationship between the Civil Rights Movement, the end of the Bracero Program,
the rise in the incarceration of African-American in the U.S., and the increased number of
undocumented migrant/immigrant workers in the U.S.?
In which ways does having a series of friends or social networks among undocumented
migrants/immigrants in the U.S. make life easier for some of these people?
How do some of these workers explain the ‘crime’ of crossing the border in relation to other
crimes?
In which ways is it important to consider that undocumented immigrants are U.S. taxpayers
too?
What are key aspects of the complex relations of African-American low-wage workers and
undocumented immigrants as part of the U.S. workforce?
Gomberg-Muñoz concludes that undocumented immigrants are preferred for certain jobs over
other populations not because of racism or how cheap they can be, but because of their
powerlessness. Why?
Terms/People/Institutions
Be able to identify the following people, terms or institutions (these have been presented in
lecture, discussion, and/ or the readings):
Mercantilism
Liberalism
ISI
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalization
Milton Friedman
Chicago Boys
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP)
Salvador Allende
September 11, 1973
Augusto Pinochet
los desaparecidos
Carlos Menem
Recovered Factory
Lost Decade (la década perdida)
Que se vayan todos
Border
Borderland
Chilean student movement
“feminisation of migration”
Models of Social Incorporation
Enrique Peña Nieto
Zapatista movement
Bracero Program
BIP (Border Industrialization Program)
NAFTA
Zapatistas
Sub-Comandante Marcos
Carlos Salinas de Gotari
Carlos Slim
Joaquín Guzmán Loera “El Chapo”
The Lions
Migrant worker
Undocumented immigrant
Busboys
“echarle ganas”
El enganche
Arizona State Bill 1070
Mexico-U.S. Border
Border
Maquila
La Patrona
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